{"id":1268,"date":"2023-08-22T00:25:08","date_gmt":"2023-08-21T23:25:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/odep-rdc.com\/?p=1268"},"modified":"2023-08-22T00:26:13","modified_gmt":"2023-08-21T23:26:13","slug":"projet-educatif-de-decolonisation-mentale-et-culturelle-pour-les-congolais-un-grand-debat-prioritaire-pour-la-conference-nationale-sur-la-reconstruction-et-lemergence-de-la-rdc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/odep-rdc.com\/index.php\/2023\/08\/22\/projet-educatif-de-decolonisation-mentale-et-culturelle-pour-les-congolais-un-grand-debat-prioritaire-pour-la-conference-nationale-sur-la-reconstruction-et-lemergence-de-la-rdc\/","title":{"rendered":"Projet \u00e9ducatif de d\u00e9colonisation mentale et culturelle pour les congolais\u00a0: Un grand d\u00e9bat prioritaire pour la Conf\u00e9rence Nationale sur la Reconstruction et l\u2019\u00e9mergence de la RDC"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1268\" class=\"elementor elementor-1268\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-61c51cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"61c51cb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06a194a\" data-id=\"06a194a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a17761 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a17761\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.14.0 - 26-06-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;mso-line-height-alt:\n1.2pt\"><b><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black;\nmso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:FR-BE\">Projet \u00e9ducatif de d\u00e9colonisation mentale et culturelle pour les congolais&nbsp;: <\/span><\/b><b style=\"font-family: Rubik; font-size: 20px;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size:16.0pt;\nfont-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\ncolor:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:FR-BE;mso-fareast-language:\nFR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA\">Un grand d\u00e9bat prioritaire pour la Conf\u00e9rence <\/span><\/b><b style=\"font-family: Rubik; font-size: 20px;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size:16.0pt;\nfont-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\ncolor:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:FR-BE;mso-fareast-language:\nFR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA\">Nationale sur la Reconstruction et l\u2019\u00e9mergence de la RDC<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: Rubik; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 500;\"><\/span><\/p><\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4568f28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4568f28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.14.0 - 26-06-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><b><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">INTRODUCTION<\/span><\/b><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Dans quelques jours nos enfants vont rentrer \u00e0<br \/>l\u2019\u00e9cole.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: black; font-family: Arial, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;\">Le contexte dans le secteur de l\u2019\u00e9ducation\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: black; font-family: Arial, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;\">depuis plusieurs ann\u00e9es est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par les violentes crises des \u00e9tudiants, l<\/span><span style=\"color: black; font-family: Arial, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;\">es mesures sur la gratuit\u00e9 de l\u2019enseignement de base qui ont cr\u00e9\u00e9 aussi une\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: black; font-family: Arial, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;\">s\u00e9rie des d\u00e9bats et crises chez certains groupes d\u2019enseignants, bref, le\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: black; font-family: Arial, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;\">probl\u00e8me fondamental semble se situer au niveau des politiques publiques de\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: black; font-family: Arial, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;\">l\u2019\u00e9ducation men\u00e9es depuis 63 ann\u00e9es qui ont fait faillite.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Pour mettre fin durablement \u00e0 toutes ces crises, il aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s important que le Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique convoque d\u00e8s les premiers mois de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2019 les \u00e9tats g\u00e9n\u00e9raux de l\u2019\u00e9ducation. Le document<br \/>pr\u00e9sent propose un bref diagnostic de notre syst\u00e8me \u00e9ducatif, un effort de d\u00e9finition de ce que pourrait \u00eatre un projet \u00e9ducatif national, quelques<br \/>grandes r\u00e9formes indispensables, quelques mesures imm\u00e9diates \u00e0 prendre et enfin<br \/>l\u2019\u00e9pineuse question du financement de l\u2019\u00e9ducation.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Par cette r\u00e9flexion, nous voulons apporter une<br \/>contribution aux travaux de la conf\u00e9rence nationale sur la reconstruction et<br \/>l\u2019\u00e9mergence de la RDC dont l\u2019\u00e9ducation sera un grand atelier.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Le probl\u00e8me fondamental \u00e9tant celui de la remise<br \/>en question de 63 ann\u00e9es du projet \u00e9ducatif colonial et n\u00e9o-colonial et la<br \/>r\u00e9flexion \u00e0 entreprendre pour construire un projet \u00e9ducatif de d\u00e9colonisation<br \/>mentale et culturelle afin de cr\u00e9er les conditions du d\u00e9veloppement<br \/>ind\u00e9pendant, autocentr\u00e9 et autod\u00e9termin\u00e9 de notre Congo. <\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><b><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">A.\u00a0 <u>BREF<br \/>DIAGNOSTIC ET D\u00c9FINITION DU PROJET \u00c9DUCATIF NATIONAL<\/u><\/span><\/b><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><i><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">1. <u>Les origines de l\u2019\u00e9cole congolaise\u00a0:<br \/>le projet \u00e9ducatif colonial<\/u><\/span><\/i><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 12.0cm;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">L\u2019\u00e9cole europ\u00e9enne a \u00e9t\u00e9 instaur\u00e9e en RDC, en<br \/>1890. Elle marquera le d\u00e9but du processus d\u2019acculturation qui est une<br \/>composante essentielle du projet colonial\u00a0: il faut int\u00e9grer<br \/>progressivement l\u2019indig\u00e8ne aux valeurs de la \u00ab\u00a0civilisation\u00a0\u00bb. D\u00e8s<br \/>1906, la convention \u00e9tablie entre le Saint-Si\u00e8ge et l\u2019Etat ind\u00e9pendant du Congo<br \/>confie \u00e0 tout \u00e9tablissement de mission catholique la charge de cr\u00e9er une \u00e9cole<br \/>o\u00f9 les indig\u00e8nes recevront l\u2019instruction. Il faut former, pour le nouvel Etat<br \/>colonial, des agents subalternes efficaces et d\u00e9vou\u00e9s, chez qui il faut<br \/>inculquer l\u2019amour de la m\u00e9tropole et la sympathie pour l\u2019entreprise coloniale.<br \/>Le projet \u00e9ducatif se caract\u00e9rise par la mise en vedette de traits culturels \u00e0<br \/>favoriser, \u00e0 imposer aux colonis\u00e9s et \u00e0 int\u00e9grer progressivement dans leurs<br \/>coutumes comme dans leurs comportements\u00a0: une \u00e9thique de l\u2019autorit\u00e9 avec<br \/>comme r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pertinente le pouvoir de Dieu, celui du colon, celui du chef<br \/>reconnu par les colons, une r\u00e9organisation de l\u2019espace mental du Congolais.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">En juillet 1890, le Roi des Belges par un d\u00e9cret<br \/>d\u00e9cide de la cr\u00e9ation des colonies d\u2019\u00e9ducation. Il faut cr\u00e9er progressivement,<br \/>dit le d\u00e9cret, deux forces pour la mise en valeur et la construction du<br \/>Congo\u00a0: une arm\u00e9e constitu\u00e9e de Congolais dress\u00e9s \u00e0 servir les id\u00e9aux du<br \/>pouvoir colonial, d\u2019o\u00f9 seront issus par ailleurs des nombreux dirigeants<br \/>congolais des ann\u00e9es 60 et, d\u2019autre part, la formation des hommes capables de<br \/>contribuer \u00e0 la ma\u00eetrise du territoire et \u00e0 son exploitation. Il s\u2019agit donc de<br \/>privil\u00e9gier une instruction utilitaire susceptible de conduire les jeunes<br \/>congolais pris en main \u00e0 une technicit\u00e9 manuelle ou professionnelle rentable<br \/>pour le jeune Etat colonial.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Quand on examine les programmes de l\u2019\u00e9cole<br \/>rurale, celle-ci est orient\u00e9e en vue d\u2019asseoir les bases de l\u2019ordre colonial,<br \/>de concert avec les Missions catholiques.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>Les causeries g\u00e9n\u00e9rales et les le\u00e7ons d\u2019intuition sont, les le\u00e7ons les<br \/>plus importantes du programme. Pour les promoteurs de cette \u00e9cole, l\u2019enfant<br \/>acquiert dans le milieu o\u00f9 il vit, \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de quelques notions exactes, une<br \/>foule de notions fausses et aberrantes. Ainsi l\u2019enseignement a un objectif<br \/>avou\u00e9\u00a0: il s\u2019installe comme cadre de conversion des esprits.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Le niveau de l\u2019enseignement lui-m\u00eame, compar\u00e9 \u00e0<br \/>celui de la m\u00e9tropole, \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s bas, les structures scolaires \u00e9tant con\u00e7ues \u00e0<br \/>la mesure de l\u2019ignorance suppos\u00e9e des n\u00e8gres. <\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">C\u2019est seulement en 1954 que le ministre lib\u00e9ral<br \/>belge de l\u2019\u00e9poque introduit l\u2019\u00e9cole la\u00efque au Congo et pr\u00e9conise l\u2019ouverture de<br \/>lyc\u00e9es et coll\u00e8ges dont les programmes seront en tout point identiques \u00e0 ceux<br \/>de la m\u00e9tropole. D\u00e8s 1956, d\u2019importantes corrections sont apport\u00e9es aux<br \/>programmes d\u2019enseignement. En 1958, on s\u2019achemine vers l\u2019instauration au Congo<br \/>d\u2019une nouvelle structure de l\u2019enseignement. L\u2019Universit\u00e9 Lovanium est cr\u00e9\u00e9e en<br \/>1954, l\u2019universit\u00e9 officielle du Congo sera cr\u00e9\u00e9e elle en 1956.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Cette \u00e9volution ne peut masquer le projet<br \/>\u00e9ducatif lui-m\u00eame\u00a0: l\u2019\u00e9tablissement d\u2019une \u00e9cole europ\u00e9enne au Congo marque<br \/>un nouvel ordre culturel conforme \u00e0 la vitalit\u00e9 d\u2019une nouvelle perspective<br \/>historique. Le congolais est pr\u00e9par\u00e9 \u00e0 contribuer \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9rection d\u2019un nouvel<br \/>ordre social et culturel. L\u2019\u00e9cole est un lieu de conditionnement.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><i><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">2. <u>63 ann\u00e9es d\u2019une \u00e9cole n\u00e9o-coloniale<\/u><\/span><\/i><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">A la veille de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance, l\u2019Universit\u00e9<br \/>Lovanium met \u00e0 la disposition du futur nouvel Etat sept dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s en sciences<br \/>\u00e9conomiques et sociales, un psychop\u00e9dagogue et un agronome. Des nombreux cadres<br \/>belges quittent le pays qui traverse une crise politique grave d\u00e8s le lendemain<br \/>des festivit\u00e9s de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance. Dans ce contexte, la priorit\u00e9 pour le nouveau<br \/>pouvoir est de former vite des nouveaux cadres. Il faut former des cadres pour<br \/>acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le d\u00e9veloppement du pays. Mais cette formation se r\u00e9v\u00e8le une continuation<br \/>de l\u2019ancien syst\u00e8me. Sans projet politique d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance r\u00e9el, l\u2019\u00e9ducation n\u2019a<br \/>pas d\u2019objectifs clairement d\u00e9finis. L\u2019erreur ici a \u00e9t\u00e9 de croire qu\u2019\u00e9ducation<br \/>rime automatiquement avec d\u00e9veloppement. Mais quelle \u00e9ducation, pour quel<br \/>d\u00e9veloppement\u00a0?<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Sans doute, l\u2019enseignement intervient dans le<br \/>d\u00e9veloppement comme une des variables \u00e0 combiner et \u00e0 int\u00e9grer avec d\u2019autres<br \/>facteurs qui, en RDC, n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 favorables au d\u00e9veloppement\u00a0:<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">les effets de la<br \/>domination imp\u00e9rialiste coloniale sur la RDC\u00a0; <\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">la caste au pouvoir<br \/>est \u00e9conomiquement, culturellement et politiquement d\u00e9pendante des pays<br \/>industrialis\u00e9s\u00a0; <\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">les organisations<br \/>internationales qui interviennent sans cesse dans la vie \u00e9conomique et sociale<br \/>de la RDC, dont les objectifs sont con\u00e7us en fonction des conditions et des<br \/>int\u00e9r\u00eats des pays riches et ex\u00e9cut\u00e9s par un corps des \u00ab\u00a0experts\u00a0\u00bb<br \/>contr\u00f4l\u00e9s par eux. L\u2019action de ces organismes peut \u00e0 la limite d\u00e9stabiliser et<br \/>d\u00e9sarticuler compl\u00e8tement la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui re\u00e7oit cette aide\u00a0: le FMI a<br \/>conseill\u00e9 le licenciement de 40.000 enseignants en RDC en 1984. Un tel proc\u00e9d\u00e9<br \/>dans un pays majoritairement analphab\u00e8te laisse perplexe.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Dans ce contexte g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, apr\u00e8s 63 ann\u00e9es, le<br \/>syst\u00e8me \u00e9ducatif congolais d\u00e9gage un bilan catastrophique\u00a0:<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">le manque d\u2019un v\u00e9ritable<br \/>projet national d\u2019\u00e9ducation pour le d\u00e9veloppement, corolaire d\u2019un projet global<br \/>d\u2019un d\u00e9veloppement endog\u00e8ne\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">un accroissement des<br \/>effectifs des \u00e9l\u00e8ves sous la pression de la demande et de la pouss\u00e9e<br \/>d\u00e9mographique\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">une augmentation<br \/>parall\u00e8le du nombre des enseignants\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">une infrastructure<br \/>qui se d\u00e9grade de plus en plus, de moins en moins suffisante par rapport \u00e0 la<br \/>demande, une p\u00e9nurie quasi permanente de moyens financiers et de mat\u00e9riels<br \/>p\u00e9dagogiques\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">la baisse de la<br \/>qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019enseignement due aux causes ci-dessus, mais aussi \u00e0 l\u2019inadaptation<br \/>des programmes et l\u2019insuffisance de qualifications, la d\u00e9mobilisation et la<br \/>d\u00e9motivation des enseignants.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Des organismes priv\u00e9s, des confessions<br \/>religieuses plus ou moins connues et les consulats de certains pays \u00e9trangers<br \/>suppl\u00e9ent les carences de l\u2019Etat et organisent des enseignements qui malgr\u00e9<br \/>leurs qualit\u00e9s, poss\u00e8dent quatre caract\u00e9ristiques inqui\u00e9tantes\u00a0:\u00a0 <\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">l\u2019insuffisance du<br \/>contr\u00f4le de l\u2019Etat dans la formation d\u2019une partie de sa jeunesse\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">ceux-l\u00e0 m\u00eame qui<br \/>devaient am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019enseignement en RDC y placent leurs enfants,<br \/>moyennant d\u2019importants efforts financiers\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">l\u2019implantation de ces<br \/>\u00e9coles dans les grandes villes contribue \u00e0 la formation d\u2019une \u00ab\u00e9lite\u00bb<br \/>appartenant aux familles qui poss\u00e8dent le pouvoir politique et financier\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">le caract\u00e8re<br \/>extraverti de la formation n\u2019int\u00e9resse que le pays qui finance\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">la lib\u00e9ralisation<br \/>sauvage de l\u2019\u00e9ducation ayant occasion l\u2019anarchie dans la gestion du secteur<br \/>\u00e9ducatif.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Ecoles congolaises ou \u00e9coles consulaires et<br \/>confessionnelles, ces \u00e9coles jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ces jours contribuent avant tout \u00e0<br \/>reproduire la d\u00e9pendance vis-\u00e0-vis des mod\u00e8les import\u00e9s. Les valeurs communes<br \/>et les besoins r\u00e9els de la collectivit\u00e9 nationale ne sont pris en consid\u00e9ration<br \/>que comme des n\u00e9gatifs dont les originaux se trouvent ailleurs.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><i><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">3. <u>Red\u00e9finition du r\u00f4le de l\u2019\u00e9cole dans la<br \/>soci\u00e9t\u00e9 congolaise de demain et imp\u00e9ratifs<\/u><\/span><\/i><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Mettre fin \u00e0 la crise de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et \u00e0 la<br \/>faillite des politiques publiques dans ce secteur c\u2019est d\u2019abord red\u00e9finir le<br \/>r\u00f4le\u00a0 de l\u2019\u00e9cole dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9<br \/>congolaise. Depuis plus d\u2019un si\u00e8cle, l\u2019\u00e9cole congolaise est la principale voie<br \/>de promotion sociale, le dipl\u00f4me a \u00e9t\u00e9 et est encore la base du succ\u00e8s dans un<br \/>pays o\u00f9 les possibilit\u00e9s d\u2019\u00e9pargne ou d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux capitaux, n\u00e9cessaires pour<br \/>devenir chef d\u2019entreprise par exemple, sont difficiles. L\u2019illusion que le<br \/>d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique \u00e9tait synonyme du d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019enseignement<br \/>s\u2019\u00e9tait impos\u00e9e depuis 1960 d\u2019autant plus facilement qu\u2019elle \u00e9tait une r\u00e9action<br \/>contre l\u2019id\u00e9ologie et la pratique coloniales (8 dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s d\u2019universit\u00e9 en 70<br \/>ans).<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Sur le plan des conditions \u00e9conomiques<br \/>objectives, la logique d\u2019une \u00e9conomie extravertie, dont le surplus \u00e9conomique<br \/>est pomp\u00e9 par les pays riches, avec un march\u00e9 \u00e9troit, sans capitaux nationaux<br \/>suffisants, limite les possibilit\u00e9s de cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une v\u00e9ritable bourgeoisie<br \/>\u00e9conomique nationale, capable de cr\u00e9er les richesses, d\u2019enrichir l\u2019Etat et donc<br \/>de lui donner les moyens de financer l\u2019\u00e9cole, mais aussi de cr\u00e9er les emplois<br \/>afin d\u2019absorber les cadres form\u00e9s par cette \u00e9cole. Comment, dans ce contexte,<br \/>red\u00e9finir le r\u00f4le de l\u2019\u00e9cole chez nous pour en faire une \u00e9cole pour le<br \/>d\u00e9veloppement\u00a0?<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><b><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Former pour le<br \/>d\u00e9veloppement endog\u00e8ne devra \u00eatre, former le Congolais \u00e0 l\u2019autonomie tant<br \/>politique, \u00e9conomique que socio-culturelle. C\u2019est former les hommes de telle<br \/>sorte que leur cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 sociale soit renforc\u00e9e et fortifi\u00e9e. C\u2019est rendre les<br \/>hommes capables d\u2019assumer la responsabilit\u00e9 de la progression de leur propre<br \/>niveau de vie, de l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation de leur niveau de conscience. L\u2019\u00e9cole nouvelle<br \/>doit doter le pays des hommes capables de contribuer \u00e0 la ma\u00eetrise du<br \/>territoire nationale, \u00e0 sa mise en valeur pour une croissance soutenue, durable<br \/>et \u00e9quitable.<\/span><\/b><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><b><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">L\u2019\u00e9cole nouvelle doit<br \/>s\u2019installer comme l\u2019antith\u00e8se de l\u2019\u00e9cole coloniale et n\u00e9ocoloniale, elle doit<br \/>s\u2019installer comme cadre de lib\u00e9ration des esprits et de d\u00e9sali\u00e9nation. Elle<br \/>devra \u00eatre celle qui r\u00e9pond de mani\u00e8re cons\u00e9quente aux besoins r\u00e9els de d\u00e9veloppement<br \/>endog\u00e8ne. <\/span><\/b><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><b><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">L\u2019\u00e9cole nouvelle doit<br \/>marquer en RDC un nouvel ordre politique, \u00e9conomique et socio-culturel,<br \/>conforme \u00e0 la vitalit\u00e9 de la nouvelle perspective qui a pour contour\u00a0:<br \/>d\u00e9mocratie, d\u00e9veloppement endog\u00e8ne et durable, Etat de droit, respect des<br \/>droits de l\u2019homme, d\u00e9centralisation, dynamique de services publics et combat<br \/>pour l\u2019unit\u00e9 africaine.<\/span><\/b><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Les structures de l\u2019enseignement, les<br \/>programmes, les contenus de cours, la formation des enseignants, les m\u00e9thodes<br \/>p\u00e9dagogiques, le calendrier scolaire, le mat\u00e9riel didactique doivent \u00eatre<br \/>con\u00e7us en fonction de ce projet \u00e9ducatif nouveau. <\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">La r\u00e9ussite de la nouvelle politique de<br \/>l\u2019\u00e9ducation d\u00e9pend aussi d\u2019une s\u00e9rie de pr\u00e9alables pratiques sans lesquels la<br \/>r\u00e9p\u00e9tition des travers que nous condamnons reste toujours possible\u00a0:<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 4.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.45pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; margin: 0cm 0cm 6.0pt 35.45pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">1)<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Un Etat la\u00efc, seul formateur du citoyen, d\u00e9finit<br \/>les programmes, organise\u00a0\u00a0 l\u2019enseignement<br \/>et sanctionne les \u00e9tudes. Il peut conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 la l\u00e9gislation en vigueur,<br \/>confier \u00e0 des organismes priv\u00e9s ou des confessions religieuses la gestion des<br \/>\u00e9coles\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.45pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; margin: 0cm 0cm 6.0pt 35.45pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">2)<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Une v\u00e9ritable d\u00e9centralisation devra faire<br \/>respecter les mesures et les d\u00e9cisions de ceux qui travaillent sur le terrain,<br \/>au niveau des circonscriptions locales\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.45pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; margin: 0cm 0cm 6.0pt 35.45pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">3)<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Les conditions d\u2019hygi\u00e8ne et d\u2019alimentation des<br \/>enfants doivent \u00eatre r\u00e9unies pour la r\u00e9ussite de toute formation\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.45pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; margin: 0cm 0cm 6.0pt 35.45pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">4)<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Nos \u00e9coles doivent \u00eatre inclusives et<br \/>s\u00e9curis\u00e9es\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0il s\u2019agit des \u00e9coles dont le personnel enseignant a<br \/>sign\u00e9 le code 22 de bonne conduite du personnel enseignant consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme la<br \/>norme et qui dispose d\u2019un comit\u00e9 de M\u00e9canisme de Gestion des Plaintes, avec un<br \/>point focal en charge des violences bas\u00e9es sur le genre.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.45pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">5)<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Une volont\u00e9 politique qui puisse d\u00e9finir les<br \/>conditions de r\u00e9am\u00e9nagement d\u2019un espace linguistique dans lequel toute la<br \/>population peut trouver des outils de communication ad\u00e9quats qui facilitent les<br \/>\u00e9changes entre ses membres et l\u2019acquisition des connaissances. Ce choix d\u2019une<br \/>nouvelle ou de nouvelles langues d\u2019enseignement n\u2019implique pas la disparition<br \/>des locuteurs et des \u00e9tudes en langue fran\u00e7aise, mais l\u2019instauration d\u2019une<br \/>nouvelle distribution linguistique destin\u00e9e \u00e0 ouvrir d\u2019int\u00e9ressantes<br \/>perspectives d\u2019apprentissage d\u2019autres langues internationales.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><b><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">B.\u00a0 <u>LES<br \/>GRANDES REFORMES<\/u><\/span><\/b><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><b><i><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">1. <u>Revitalisation et universalisation de<br \/>l\u2019enseignement de base<\/u><\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">L\u2019objectif d\u2019un enseignement de base pour tous<br \/>doit \u00eatre retenu. Cet objectif ne concerne pas seulement l\u2019augmentation des<br \/>effectifs scolaires, qui est un objectif \u00e0 long terme, mais d\u2019abord la qualit\u00e9<br \/>de l\u2019enseignement qui est un objectif imm\u00e9diat.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><b><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">L\u2019enseignement de<br \/>base doit \u00eatre orient\u00e9 non seulement vers l\u2019acquisition efficace d\u2019une identit\u00e9<br \/>propre, mais aussi vers la fourniture d\u2019une r\u00e9ponse aux besoins \u00e9conomiques,<br \/>sociaux et de d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019ensemble. L\u2019enfant doit savoir qu\u2019il vit dans un<br \/>pays sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9, qui a \u00e0 faire face \u00e0 certaines contraintes internes et<br \/>externes, il doit \u00eatre entra\u00een\u00e9 \u00e0 donner des r\u00e9ponses \u00e0 ces probl\u00e8mes en<br \/>partant d\u00e9j\u00e0 de probl\u00e8mes qui sont li\u00e9s \u00e0 son environnement politique,<br \/>\u00e9conomique et socio-culturel imm\u00e9diat.<\/span><\/b><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Pour am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019enseignement de<br \/>base, et lui faire jouer son r\u00f4le tel que nous le d\u00e9finissons, il faudra\u00a0:<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 45.0pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">relever le niveau de<br \/>comp\u00e9tence professionnelle des enseignants\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 45.0pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">surveiller la qualit\u00e9<br \/>des \u00e9coles et s\u2019assurer que les \u00e9l\u00e8ves acqui\u00e8rent effectivement des facult\u00e9s<br \/>cognitives et n\u2019ont pas simplement des connaissances apprises de m\u00e9moire\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 45.0pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">veiller \u00e0 ce que les<br \/>programmes et le mat\u00e9riel p\u00e9dagogique soient adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019environnement<br \/>congolais\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 45.0pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00e9tudier les<br \/>conditions optimales de l\u2019utilisation des langues locales dans<br \/>l\u2019enseignement\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 45.0pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">promouvoir la mise en<br \/>place d\u2019infrastructures op\u00e9rationnelles.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Si l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de la qualit\u00e9<br \/>de l\u2019enseignement est primordiale et repr\u00e9sente la priorit\u00e9 imm\u00e9diate, \u00e0 long<br \/>terme nous devons augmenter les effectifs, notamment ceux des filles. On ne<br \/>conna\u00eet pas le taux de scolarisation par sexe en RDC, mais si l\u2019on se r\u00e9f\u00e8re \u00e0<br \/>la moyenne africaine que donnent les statistiques internationales, les filles<br \/>ne repr\u00e9sentaient il y a quelques ann\u00e9es que 44% des effectifs du primaire, 34%<br \/>de ceux du secondaire et 21% de ceux du sup\u00e9rieur. Les probabilit\u00e9s d\u2019abandon<br \/>d\u2019\u00e9tudes sont plus grandes pour les filles que pour les gar\u00e7ons, en partie<br \/>parce qu\u2019on a besoin d\u2019elles pour les travaux m\u00e9nagers et qu\u2019elles sont<br \/>facilement abandonn\u00e9es \u00e0 la rue. L\u2019analphab\u00e9tisme est beaucoup plus r\u00e9pandu<br \/>parmi les femmes (assujettie au mod\u00e8le culturel domin\u00e9 par l\u2019homme).<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">L\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9 des sexes devant<br \/>l\u2019\u00e9ducation co\u00fbte cher. Il est prouv\u00e9 que l\u2019\u00e9ducation de la m\u00e8re peut \u00eatre l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment<br \/>le plus d\u00e9terminant pour la sant\u00e9, et la nutrition de la famille et que<br \/>l\u2019instruction renforce la productivit\u00e9 agricole, elle peut faire baisser la<br \/>f\u00e9condit\u00e9 soit directement soit en faisant mieux conna\u00eetre aux femmes<br \/>l\u2019existence de la contraception, soit directement en r\u00e9duisant la demande<br \/>d\u2019enfants puisque les femmes par une activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique plus grande, verront<br \/>s\u2019ouvrir \u00e0 elles des possibilit\u00e9s accrues de revenus ou en reculant l\u2019\u00e2ge du<br \/>mariage et en r\u00e9duisant, de ce fait, le nombre d\u2019ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 la femme est en \u00e2ge<br \/>de procr\u00e9er.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de<br \/>l\u2019enseignement de base et accro\u00eetre les effectifs, c\u2019est consacrer un<br \/>pourcentage plus important du P.I.B au secteur de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et accro\u00eetre<br \/>graduellement la part de l\u2019enseignement de base dans le budget de l\u2019\u00e9ducation.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">On peut en attendant plus des<br \/>moyens, mieux utiliser les ressources actuelles en am\u00e9liorant par exemple le<br \/>syst\u00e8me actuel de classe \u00e0 double vacation, en r\u00e9am\u00e9nageant l\u2019ann\u00e9e<br \/>scolaire\u00a0: gagner 2 ann\u00e9es en organisant un enseignement utile et efficace<br \/>de sorte qu\u2019en un semestre un contenu d\u2019un enseignement de qualit\u00e9, d\u00e9pouill\u00e9<br \/>de tout l\u2019h\u00e9ritage des mati\u00e8res inadapt\u00e9es, soit donn\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve au lieu d\u2019un<br \/>an. Et puis en redoublant l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve perd 6 mois au lieu d\u2019un an. L\u2019utilisation de<br \/>la radio et de la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision peut permettre d\u2019enrichir l\u2019environnement scolaire<br \/>et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019enseignement.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Les abandons et les redoublements<br \/>font augmenter le co\u00fbt de la formation par \u00e9l\u00e8ve qui termine l\u2019\u00e9cole primaire.<br \/>Dans bien des cas, les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes sont dus aux incapacit\u00e9s mentales caus\u00e9es par<br \/>une mauvaise nutrition. On devra d\u00e9velopper des interventions appropri\u00e9es,<br \/>comme des programmes de repas scolaires bien cibl\u00e9s, ces programmes pourraient<br \/>am\u00e9liorer l\u2019aptitude \u00e0 apprendre et r\u00e9duire les taux d\u2019abandon ou de<br \/>redoublement.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><b><i><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">2. L\u2019enseignement<br \/>secondaire\u00a0: D\u00e9velopper la rigueur de la pens\u00e9e, l\u2019esprit de d\u00e9cision et<br \/>l\u2019imagination cr\u00e9atrice<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">A ce niveau, les objectifs d\u2019une<br \/>\u00e9ducation \u00e0 l\u2019autonomie, \u00e0 la compr\u00e9hension des probl\u00e8mes qui se posent dans le<br \/>pays et l\u2019entrainement \u00e0 y donner des r\u00e9ponses doivent \u00eatre renforc\u00e9s, pouss\u00e9s<br \/>plus loin qu\u2019au niveau de l\u2019enseignement de base.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Par ailleurs, la consolidation<br \/>des connaissances va de pair avec la maturation de l\u2019enfant\u00a0: l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve doit<br \/>faire preuve des capacit\u00e9s en communication et en expression \u00e9crite et orale.<br \/>L\u2019enseignement devra entra\u00eener les adolescents \u00e0 des techniques et \u00e0 des m\u00e9thodes<br \/>qui les habituent \u00e0 l\u2019observation et \u00e0 l\u2019exploitation raisonn\u00e9e des formations,<br \/>\u00e0 l\u2019organisation de leurs r\u00e9sultats, \u00e0 l\u2019appr\u00e9ciation critique de leur valeur,<br \/>\u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9gration dans un pays de d\u00e9veloppement.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Combinant analyse et synth\u00e8se,<br \/>les enseignements au niveau secondaire devrait aider \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper la rigueur de<br \/>la pens\u00e9e, l\u2019esprit de d\u00e9cision, l\u2019imagination cr\u00e9atrice.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cette formation, bien qu\u2019intellectuelle<br \/>permettra l\u2019exercice des capacit\u00e9s pratiques, l\u2019affinement de la sensibilit\u00e9 et<br \/>le renforcement du sens de la responsabilit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">L\u2019enseignement secondaire re\u00e7oit<br \/>beaucoup de demandes d\u2019acc\u00e8s venant de l\u2019enseignement de base, elles sont sans<br \/>cesse croissantes. Dans ce domaine comme au niveau de l\u2019enseignement de base,<br \/>l\u2019expansion ne doit pas prendre le pas sur l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de la qualit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">La plupart des mesures<br \/>pr\u00e9conis\u00e9es sur l\u2019enseignement de base sont applicables au secondaire<br \/>concernant les enseignants, la surveillance de la qualit\u00e9 des \u00e9coles, la<br \/>r\u00e9forme des programmes, etc\u2026<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><b><i><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">3. Enseignement sup\u00e9rieur,<br \/>formation professionnelle et\u00a0 pr\u00e9paration<br \/>\u00e0 l\u2019emploi\u00a0:<u> <\/u>L\u2019exigence de l\u2019excellence<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Pour survivre et faire face \u00e0 la<br \/>concurrence dans le monde moderne, notre pays aura besoin non seulement des<br \/>citoyens qui sachent lire, \u00e9crire et compter, mais aussi des sp\u00e9cialistes<br \/>hautement qualifi\u00e9s et comp\u00e9tents pour faire de la recherche de haut niveau,<br \/>formuler les politiques et mettre en \u0153uvre des programmes. Les \u00e9tablissements<br \/>d\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur doivent pouvoir \u00eatre en mesure d\u2019assurer, pour un co\u00fbt<br \/>qui soit et qui demeure en rapport avec les moyens du pays, une formation dans<br \/>les domaines universitaire et professionnel adapt\u00e9e au divers environnement de<br \/>travail en RDC.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Une des premi\u00e8res grandes<br \/>r\u00e9formes pourrait \u00eatre la cr\u00e9ation des \u00e9coles de formation et de<br \/>perfectionnement de cadres (E.F.C). A court terme, une par province ou r\u00e9gion<br \/>et, \u00e0 moyen et long terme, plusieurs en fonction de la demande. Ces \u00e9coles<br \/>formeront des animateurs du d\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 des \u00e9coles techniques<br \/>traditionnelles. On y trouvera des fili\u00e8res en rapport avec la gestion et la<br \/>promotion des P.M.E, la gestion des services publics, la gestion des p\u00f4les des<br \/>sant\u00e9s primaires, les animateurs ruraux et agricoles, les cadres moyens des<br \/>unit\u00e9s d\u2019entretien et de r\u00e9paration des routes.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">A moyen terme, il faudra cr\u00e9er<br \/>autant d\u2019universit\u00e9s qu\u2019il y a de provinces avec au moins les facult\u00e9s<br \/>d\u2019agronomie, les sciences des ing\u00e9nieurs, les sciences naturelles, la gestion<br \/>macro et micro \u00e9conomiques, la m\u00e9decine, la gestion des services publics et le<br \/>droit.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><i><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">a)<br \/>L\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/span><\/i><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Les connaissances scientifiques<br \/>et technologiques sont en train d\u2019ouvrir des horizons enti\u00e8rement nouveaux en<br \/>dehors de la RDC et du continent africain en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Nous devons mettre en<br \/>place dans nos universit\u00e9s quelques programmes de troisi\u00e8me cycle universitaire<br \/>de niveau mondial en sciences et techniques si nous voulons avoir acc\u00e8s aux<br \/>nouvelles fronti\u00e8res de la science et de la technique.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Notre situation actuelle nous met<br \/>en incapacit\u00e9 de nous pr\u00e9parer \u00e0 profiter de l\u2019expansion des fronti\u00e8res de la<br \/>connaissance. Notre enseignement sup\u00e9rieur se caract\u00e9rise par un ensemble<br \/>incongru de fili\u00e8res, une surproduction de dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s de qualit\u00e9 inf\u00e9rieure et<br \/>des co\u00fbts \u00e9lev\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019accroissement du nombre<br \/>de dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s et du nombre des ch\u00f4meurs dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s, il n\u2019y a pas assez des gens<br \/>qualifi\u00e9s dans des domaines tels que les sciences, l\u2019ing\u00e9nierie et la<br \/>v\u00e9rification des comptes, ainsi qu\u2019aux \u00e9chelons sup\u00e9rieurs de la comptabilit\u00e9<br \/>et de la gestion. Le nombre de professeurs demeure insuffisant dans les<br \/>sciences, les math\u00e9matiques et d\u2019autres domaines sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s. Il y a pl\u00e9thore<br \/>de dipl\u00f4mes dans certaines disciplines et p\u00e9nurie dans d\u2019autres.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">L\u2019exode des cadres peut aussi<br \/>fournir une explication \u00e0 la p\u00e9nurie de techniciens de haut niveau. Cette<br \/>migration s\u2019explique par la chute des revenus r\u00e9els qui a rendu attrayantes les<br \/>r\u00e9mun\u00e9rations offertes outre-mer. D\u2019autres facteurs sont les mauvaises conditions<br \/>de travail et l\u2019instabilit\u00e9 politique. Il y a eu aussi une importante migration<br \/>des Congolais qualifi\u00e9s en Afrique\u00a0: au Gabon, en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, au<br \/>Nig\u00e9ria, Rwanda, etc&#8230; La RDC est devenue un des pays africains qui comptent<br \/>un grand nombre d\u2019intellectuels sortis du pays pour des raisons<br \/>professionnelles et qui sont devenus des \u00ab\u00a0mercenaires\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Des mesures radicales s\u2019imposent<br \/>afin d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9, r\u00e9duire les co\u00fbts par \u00e9tudiant et par dipl\u00f4me,<br \/>contenir les effectifs dans les fili\u00e8res qui ne favorisent pas le<br \/>d\u00e9veloppement.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">A plus long terme, il faut<br \/>am\u00e9liorer et maintenir cette qualit\u00e9 par la cr\u00e9ation de programmes d\u2019excellence<br \/>pour les \u00e9tudes du niveau troisi\u00e8me cycle et pour la recherche. En cr\u00e9ant ce<br \/>genre de programme, notre pays offrira \u00e0 ses meilleurs \u00e9tudiants une<br \/>alternative int\u00e9ressante aux \u00e9tudes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, et inciter les chercheurs des<br \/>universit\u00e9s \u00e0 poursuivre leurs travaux au pays et par le fait m\u00eame, on<br \/>s\u2019attaquera au probl\u00e8me de l\u2019exode des cerveaux. Par souci d\u2019\u00e9conomie et de<br \/>qualit\u00e9, ces programmes ou centres d\u2019excellence devront \u00eatre con\u00e7us dans un<br \/>cadre r\u00e9gional (Africain).<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><i><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">b)<br \/>La formation professionnelle\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/i><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Dans ce domaine nous avons besoin<br \/>d\u2019un cadre institutionnel coh\u00e9rent.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Nous ne pourrions am\u00e9liorer la<br \/>qualit\u00e9 de la formation professionnelle qu\u2019en l\u2019orientant vers la satisfaction<br \/>de la demande d\u2019emplois, en intensifiant la participation des employeurs et en<br \/>renfor\u00e7ant la transition entre formation et emploi. La formule d\u2019un<br \/>apprentissage compl\u00e9t\u00e9 par un enseignement th\u00e9orique au dehors peut donner des<br \/>bons r\u00e9sultats. L\u2019exp\u00e9rience, dans beaucoup de pays, montre que cette formule<br \/>convient aussi bien aux grandes entreprises qu\u2019aux P.M.E.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">R\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande d\u2019emplois,<br \/>en promouvoir la cr\u00e9ation et assurer l\u2019organisation optimale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 est<br \/>la vocation essentielle de la formation professionnelle, y compris le Minist\u00e8re<br \/>de l\u2019apprentissage, et ce qui en assure la qualit\u00e9. L\u2019enseignement<br \/>professionnel doit entre-autres avoir pour t\u00e2che de regrouper et r\u00e9former les<br \/>\u00e9coles professionnelles et les centres de formation, de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 m\u00e9nager les<br \/>objectifs susvis\u00e9s. La cr\u00e9ation des \u00e9coles pluridisciplinaires de formation de<br \/>cadres sera la cl\u00e9 de vo\u00fbte de cette grande r\u00e9forme. Une partie des co\u00fbts de la<br \/>formation devra \u00eatre couverte par les employeurs qui envoient leurs agents en<br \/>formation. Ces \u00e9coles auront une vocation africaine, voire tiers-mondiste et<br \/>seront ouvertes \u00e0 tous les ressortissants africains plus particuli\u00e8rement les<br \/>pays voisins.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><i><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">c)<br \/>Sciences, Technologie et Recherches <\/span><\/i><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0Le<br \/>syst\u00e8me national congolais de recherche n\u2019a donn\u00e9 aucun r\u00e9sultat. Ici et l\u00e0, on<br \/>a cr\u00e9\u00e9 quelques ilots de recherche moderne ne s\u2019appuyant ni sur une large base<br \/>de techniciens qualifi\u00e9s, ni sur un public inform\u00e9 capable de mettre \u00e0 profit<br \/>les r\u00e9sultats \u00e9ventuels de la recherche. En outre, nous manquons de techniciens<br \/>de niveaux interm\u00e9diaires qui puissent \u00eatre le support des travaux<br \/>scientifiques et techniques.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Pour am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de la recherche, il<br \/>faudra une plus grande interaction entre ceux qui utilisent et ceux qui<br \/>produisent la technique, et un engagement r\u00e9solu de l\u2019Etat en faveur de la<br \/>science et de la technique. Cr\u00e9er un environnement propice et encourager<br \/>l\u2019esprit d\u2019entreprise devront am\u00e9liorer les choses. Les entreprises priv\u00e9es<br \/>doivent \u00eatre associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la gestion des instituts de recherche dont le r\u00e9seau<br \/>doit \u00eatre intensifi\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">L\u2019efficacit\u00e9 \u00e0 long terme de notre<br \/>infrastructure de science et de la technique sera fonction de l\u2019engagement du<br \/>pouvoir de soutenir constamment les instituts nationaux et r\u00e9gionaux de<br \/>sciences et de technique anim\u00e9s d\u2019un souci d\u2019excellence et d\u2019utilit\u00e9 pratique.<br \/>L\u2019excellence doit s\u2019obtenir selon un processus ascendant par l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de<br \/>la qualit\u00e9 et de l\u2019utilit\u00e9 pratique de l\u2019ensemble de notre syst\u00e8me \u00e9ducatif et<br \/>par la reconnaissance du r\u00f4le que doivent jouer nos universit\u00e9s dans la<br \/>formation des futurs enseignants, le r\u00f4le de chercheurs et celui des leaders<br \/>intellectuels au sein des universit\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Il n\u2019y a pas de raccourci pour cr\u00e9er un environnement<br \/>propice \u00e0 la recherche et \u00e0 l\u2019innovation. Cela exige aussi un appui continu de<br \/>la part des bailleurs de fonds \u00e9trangers. Ceux-ci devraient contribuer \u00e0<br \/>l\u2019\u00e9tablissement de liens entre nos chercheurs et la communaut\u00e9 internationale<br \/>des hommes de sciences et de technique, cela aidera \u00e0 surmonter leur isolement<br \/>et \u00e0 renforcer la qualit\u00e9 de leur travail.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Nous devons viser trois niveaux\u00a0:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">la technologie de<br \/>pointe et son application au niveau des P.M.E et aux besoins des<br \/>villages\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">int\u00e9grer la science<br \/>et la technologie dans le d\u00e9veloppement en mettant en place des dispositifs<br \/>tripartites entre l\u2019enseignement, la recherche et la prestation des<br \/>services\u00a0;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; line-height: 120%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">l\u2019acquisition d\u2019une<br \/>technologie interm\u00e9diaire moins co\u00fbteuse.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><b><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">C.\u00a0 QUELQUES<br \/>MESURES\u00a0 IMM\u00c9DIATES\u00a0: CONVOQUER<br \/>D\u2019URGENCE LES \u00c9TATS<u> G\u00c9N\u00c9RAUX DE L\u2019\u00c9DUCATION<\/u><\/span><\/b><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><i><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">1. <u>Les\u00a0 programmes<\/u><\/span><\/i><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><b><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">La cr\u00e9ation ou la<br \/>r\u00e9animation d\u2019un Centre d\u2019Elaboration des Programmes. Le corps des inspecteurs<br \/>devra tenir compte, selon un calendrier pr\u00e9cis, de trois \u00e9l\u00e9ments du programme\u00a0:<\/span><\/b><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Le programme pr\u00e9vu (le contenu du programme<br \/>d\u2019enseignement ou la liste des objectifs p\u00e9dagogiques)\u00a0; le programme<br \/>appliqu\u00e9 (ce que le ma\u00eetre enseigne dans la pratique)\u00a0; le programme<br \/>accompli (ce que les enfants apprennent r\u00e9ellement).<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Le Centre d\u2019Elaboration des Programmes veillera<br \/>aussi \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude compar\u00e9e des programmes des pays \u00e9trangers et \u00e0 lier de pr\u00e8s<br \/>l\u2019\u00e9volution des programmes \u00e0 celle de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. La priorit\u00e9 sera accord\u00e9e aux<br \/>programmes scientifique et technique.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><i><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">2. <u>Les\u00a0 enseignants<\/u><\/span><\/i><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Les conditions de travail\u00a0: la<br \/>revalorisation des salaires, tout en veillant aux \u00e9quilibres fondamentaux d\u2019une<br \/>\u00e9conomique en pleine restauration et de revoir aussi les statuts qui r\u00e9gissent<br \/>leur travail.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Cette mesure est destin\u00e9e \u00e0 revaloriser l\u2019image<br \/>de l\u2019enseignant et \u00e0 leur redonner cet enthousiasme perdu\u00a0: cr\u00e9er un cadre<br \/>juridique et des facilit\u00e9s bancaires pour encourager la cr\u00e9ation des<br \/>coop\u00e9ratives, d\u2019un centre d\u2019assurance maladie et d\u2019une caisse d\u2019\u00e9pargne.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">La formation des ma\u00eetres\u00a0: veiller \u00e0 ce que<br \/>progressivement le niveau des enseignants soit post-secondaire (ISP et IST).<br \/>L\u2019organisation syst\u00e9matique des stages des ma\u00eetres doit assurer une formation<br \/>p\u00e9dagogique efficace.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><i><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">3. <u>Les<br \/>installations \u00e9ducatives et les mat\u00e9riels didactiques<\/u><\/span><\/i><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">La remise en \u00e9tat des \u00e9coles existantes et la<br \/>construction de nouvelles \u00e9coles\u00a0; ce qui suppose la mise en place des<br \/>\u00e9quipements (tableaux noirs, bureaux, mat\u00e9riels pour les exp\u00e9riences<br \/>scientifiques et \u00e0 long terme des \u00e9quipements audio-visuels), les installations<br \/>sanitaires, l\u2019alimentation en eau potable, l\u2019\u00e9clairage, la ventilation et les<br \/>\u00e9quipements des salles de classe.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">La gestion des \u00e9coles implique la formation des<br \/>chefs d\u2019\u00e9tablissements mais aussi la motivation des enseignants, l\u2019organisation<br \/>de l\u2019emploi du temps, l\u2019allocation et l\u2019obtention des ressources financi\u00e8res.<br \/>Les enseignants doivent cr\u00e9er un cadre de travail et de consultation avec les<br \/>parents afin que l\u2019\u00e9cole devienne une force positive et bien int\u00e9gr\u00e9e au sein<br \/>de la communaut\u00e9. Le contr\u00f4le citoyen des comit\u00e9s de gestion des \u00e9coles<br \/>s\u2019impose.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">L\u2019achat et la production des manuels scolaires.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">L\u2019instauration des biblioth\u00e8ques et des centres<br \/>de documentation et d\u2019information. Veiller \u00e0 la formation des biblioth\u00e9caires (post-secondaire).<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><i><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">4. <u>Le\u00a0 r\u00e9am\u00e9nagement du temps scolaire<\/u><\/span><\/i><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Pour r\u00e9ussir la formation d\u2019un \u00e9l\u00e8ve, il faut<br \/>inclure dans son capital un volume temporaire indispensable \u00e0 toute acquisition<br \/>des connaissances. C\u2019est la distribution r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie de ce temps qui explique<br \/>l\u2019am\u00e9nagement du cursus, de l\u2019ann\u00e9e scolaire et des horaires quotidiens. Il est<br \/>n\u00e9cessairement li\u00e9 au volume du savoir dispens\u00e9 et \u00e0 la croissance de l\u2019enfant.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">On consid\u00e8re que ce temps scolaire est organis\u00e9<br \/>en tenant compte de l\u2019histoire, de la culture, des saisons dans chaque pays du<br \/>monde. Cependant, le syst\u00e8me actuel, servi par l\u2019habitude, identique en Europe<br \/>et en Afrique (d\u00e9but septembre et fin juin ou juillet) ne doit pas faire<br \/>oublier son caract\u00e8re extraverti, son origine impos\u00e9e et son fonctionnement,<br \/>parfois, incompatible avec les traditions du pays. L\u2019Etat, formateur, ne doit<br \/>pas \u00e9luder l\u2019\u00e9pineux probl\u00e8me d\u2019absent\u00e9isme scolaire qui tire aussi sa source<br \/>de cette \u00e9quivocit\u00e9 culturelle.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">La co\u00efncidence du temps scolaire avec les<br \/>cultures congolaises n\u2019emp\u00eache pas l\u2019attention qui doit \u00eatre port\u00e9e aux<br \/>exp\u00e9riences p\u00e9dagogiques men\u00e9es dans d\u2019autres pays. On doit passer de<br \/>l\u2019uniformit\u00e9 \u00e0 un am\u00e9nagement r\u00e9fl\u00e9chi du temps scolaire.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;\"><i><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">5. <u>La\u00a0 cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une ou des unit\u00e9s de contr\u00f4le<\/u><\/span><\/i><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">L\u2019\u00e9cole r\u00e9nov\u00e9e ne pourra fonctionner que dans<br \/>un espace politique d\u00e9centralis\u00e9 o\u00f9 les initiatives des hommes comptent plus<br \/>que le diktat d\u2019une administration tentaculaire et inefficace. Mais \u00e0 tous les<br \/>niveaux et pendant de courtes p\u00e9riodes, des \u00e9valuations s\u2019av\u00e8rent<br \/>indispensables pour le bon fonctionnement de tout le syst\u00e8me. Les contr\u00f4les<br \/>seront r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par corps d\u2019inspection\u00a0: le corps de contr\u00f4leurs des<br \/>installations \u00e9ducatives\u00a0; le corps de contr\u00f4leurs administratifs et<br \/>financiers, travaillant en collaboration \u00e9troite avec le Minist\u00e8re des<br \/>Finances,\u00a0 le corps des inspecteurs<br \/>p\u00e9dagogiques. <\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"line-height: 120%;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;\">D. <u>LE FINANCEMENT DE L\u2019ECOLE CONGOLAISE\u00a0<\/u><\/span><\/b><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Lors de l\u2019organisation du grand atelier consacr\u00e9<br \/>\u00e0 l\u2019Ecole lors de la Conf\u00e9rence Nationale, on pourra examiner des financements<br \/>innovants mais qui ne pourront \u00eatre que des compl\u00e9ments \u00e0 la mobilisation des<br \/>recettes publiques par les r\u00e9gies financi\u00e8res.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Nous renvoyons ici le lecteur aux<br \/>recommandations faites par l\u2019ODEP dans ses diff\u00e9rents rapports pour<br \/>l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de la gouvernance budg\u00e9taire actuellement assise sur des<br \/>nombreuses faiblesses (voir le rapport de l\u2019ODEP du 4 janvier 2021 sur le<br \/>contr\u00f4le citoyen de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution du budget global et des d\u00e9penses publiques<br \/>pro-pauvres pour la p\u00e9riode de 2017-2019, pages 69-71).<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 120%;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center; mso-line-height-alt: 1.2pt;\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Une contribution du Mouvement<br \/>National pour la 2<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup> ind\u00e9pendance du Congo<\/span><\/b><\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 212.65pt; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><!-- [if !mso]--><\/p><table width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"><tbody><tr><td><p><!--[endif]--><\/p><div><p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;\">Jean-Claude KATENDE<\/span><\/b><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;\">Pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019ASADHO<\/span><\/b><\/p><\/div><p><!-- [if !mso]--><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><b style=\"font-size: 15px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Florimond MUTEBA TSHITENGE<\/span><\/b><\/p><p><b style=\"font-size: 15px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Pr\u00e9sident du Conseil d\u2019Administration de l\u2019ODEP<\/span><\/b><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; mso-line-height-alt: 1.2pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f7a01b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0f7a01b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.14.0 - 26-06-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/odep-rdc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/UN0699336-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1270\" alt=\"\" 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caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par les violentes crises des \u00e9tudiants, les mesures sur [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1268","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.12 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Projet \u00e9ducatif de d\u00e9colonisation mentale et culturelle pour les congolais\u00a0: Un grand d\u00e9bat prioritaire pour la Conf\u00e9rence Nationale sur la Reconstruction et l\u2019\u00e9mergence de la RDC -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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